Lesson List Từ điển

Unit 1: Complete and Incomplete Sentences

Unit 2: Types of Sentences

Unit 3: Simple and Complete Subjects and Predicates

Unit 4: Common Nouns

Unit 5: Common and Proper Nouns

Unit 6: Plural Nouns

Unit 7: More Plural Nouns

Unit 8: Singular Possessive Nouns

Unit 9: Plural Possessive Nouns

Unit 10: Subject and Object Pronouns

Unit 11: Complete Sentences and End Punctuation Review

Unit 12: Common and Proper Nouns Review

Unit 13: Singular and Plural Nouns Review

Unit 14: Possessive Nouns Review

Unit 15: Subject and Object Pronouns Review

Unit 16: Action Verbs

Unit 17: Linking Verbs

Unit 18: Helping Verbs

Unit 19: Past, Present, and Future Tense Verbs

Unit 20: Perfect Tense Verbs

Unit 21: Irregular Verbs

Unit 22: Progressive Verbs

Unit 23: Transitive Verbs

Unit 24: Intransitive Verbs

Unit 25: Subject and Verb Agreement

Unit 26: Action Verbs Review

Unit 27: Linking and Helping Verbs Review

Unit 28: Verb Tenses Review

Unit 29: Verb Forms Review

Unit 30: Subject and Verb Agreement Review

Unit 31: Adjectives

Unit 32: Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Unit 33: Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Unit 34: Adverbs

Unit 35: More Adverbs

Unit 36: Adverbs without -ly

Unit 37: Synonyms

Unit 38: Antonyms

Unit 39: Homophones

Unit 40: Adjectives Review

Unit 41: Comparative and Superlative Adjectives Review

Unit 42: Adverbs Review

Unit 43: Synonyms and Antonyms Review

Unit 44: Homophones Review

Unit 45: Conjunctions

Unit 46: Compound Subjects

Unit 47: Compound Predicates

Unit 48: Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

Unit 49: Dependent Clauses

Unit 50: Independent Clauses

Unit 51: Commas

Unit 52: Compound Sentences

Unit 53: Complex Sentences

Unit 54: Compound-Complex Sentences

Unit 55: Conjunctions Review

Unit 56: Compound Subjects and Compound Predicates Review

Unit 57: Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases Review

Unit 58: Dependent and Independent Clauses Review

Unit 59: Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Sentences Review

Unit 60: Appositives

Unit 61: More Uses for Commas

Unit 62: Quotation Marks

Unit 63: Contractions

Unit 64: Abbreviations

Unit 65: Semicolons

Unit 66: Colons

Unit 67: Word Usage: Sit or Set

Unit 68: Word Usage: Lie or Lay

Unit 69: Word Usage: Your or You’re

Unit 70: Appositives Review

Unit 71: Commas and Quotations Review

Unit 72: Contractions and Abbreviations Review

Unit 73: Colons and Semicolons Review

Unit 74: Word Usage Review

Unit 75: Interjections

Unit 76: Articles

Unit 77: Prefixes

Unit 78: Suffixes

Unit 79: More Prefixes

Unit 80: More Suffixes

Unit 81: Greek Root Words

Unit 82: Latin Root Words

Unit 83: Spelling Patterns and Exceptions

Unit 84: More Spelling Patterns and Exceptions

Bài học: More Spelling Patterns and Exceptions

Luyện tập: More Spelling Patterns and Exceptions

Unit 85: Negatives

Unit 86: Interjections and Articles Review

Unit 88: Suffixes Review

Unit 89: Greek and Latin Root Words Review

Unit 91: Negatives Review

Unit 92: Review of the Eight Parts of Speech

Unit 93: Applying Punctuation Knowledge

Unit 94: Applying Punctuation and Word Usage Knowledge

Unit 96: Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verb Tenses Review

Unit 97: Sentence Structure Review: Simple and Compound Sentences

Unit 98: Dependent Clauses and Sentence Structure

Luyện tập: More Spelling Patterns and Exceptions

Unit 84: More Spelling Patterns and Exceptions

Level: A2

Target Can-Do Goal: I can correctly spell plural nouns that end in -y by following vowel and consonant rules.

1. Vocabulary Focus

Study the following nouns that end in plural forms of -ys or -ies. Pay close attention to their singular roots.

Word (Plural)	POS	Definition	Translation	Contextual Example
monkeys	noun	small primates often found in trees	những con khỉ	The monkeys at the zoo are very playful.
flies	noun	small insects with two wings	những con ruồi	There are many flies in the garden during summer.
ladies	noun	polite plural term for women	những quý cô	The ladies in the office organized a party.
babies	noun	very young children who cannot walk yet	những đứa trẻ sơ sinh	The babies are sleeping in their cribs.
fries	noun	thin strips of potato that have been fried	khoai tây chiên	I like to eat my burger with salty fries.
turkeys	noun	large birds often raised for their meat	những con gà tây	The farm has many turkeys ready for the market.
holidays	noun	days of celebration or time away from work	những ngày lễ	We always visit our grandparents during the winter holidays.
cries	noun	loud sounds made when someone is upset or shouting	tiếng khóc/tiếng la	We heard the cries of the hungry kittens.
chimneys	noun	vertical pipes that carry smoke from a fireplace	những ống khói	Most old houses in the village have brick chimneys.
journeys	noun	long trips from one place to another	những cuộc hành trình	The explorers wrote books about their long journeys.

2. Grammar & Spelling Rules

When making a singular noun ending in -y plural, look at the letter right before the -y. This determines which structural spelling path to take.

Rule 1: Consonant + y Pluralization

If a noun ends in a consonant followed by -y, change the -y to -i and add -es.

Structure: consonant + y → -ies

Examples:

The small butterfly lands on the flower → The small butterflies land on the flowers.
That story was very exciting → Those stories were very exciting.
The city is very crowded → The cities are very crowded.

Rule 2: Vowel + y Pluralization

If a noun ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) followed by -y, simply add -s to make it plural. Do not drop or change the -y!

Structure: vowel + y → -ys

Examples:

Put the key on the table → Put the keys on the table.
The boy is playing football → The boys are playing football.
Today is a sunny day → My holidays are full of sunny days.

3. Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Vocabulary Matching (Nối Từ và Nghĩa) 6 Questions

Match the target words on the left with their accurate English structural or semantic descriptions on the right.

monkeys
flies
babies
holidays
chimneys
journeys

A. Long trips from one place to another.
B. Vertical structures built to exhaust fireplace smoke.
C. Very young children who cannot yet walk.
D. Special days of celebration or extended time away from school/work.
E. Small playful primates frequently dwelling in tropical trees.
F. Two-winged insects commonly seen hovering around outdoor spaces.

? Click to see Answer Key & Explanation (Đáp án & Giải thích)

1 – E: monkeys = small primates (những con khỉ).

2 – F: flies = small insects with two wings (những con ruồi).

3 – C: babies = very young children (những đứa trẻ sơ sinh).

4 – D: holidays = days of celebration (những ngày lễ).

5 – B: chimneys = vertical smoke pipes (những ống khói).

6 – A: journeys = long trips (những cuộc hành trình).

Exercise 2: Gap Fill (Điền từ vào chỗ trống) 6 Questions

Complete the sentences by writing the correct plural spelling of the word provided in brackets.

The old village houses have tall brick to let out smoke. (chimney)
We could hear the loud of the newborns in the delivery room. (cry)
Several were having tea and discussing politics. (lady)
The fast food restaurant serves delicious burgers with crispy, golden . (fry)
Wild were eating seeds near the forest edge. (turkey)
Our upcoming summer will last for three whole weeks! (holiday)

? Click to see Answer Key & Explanation (Đáp án & Giải thích)

1. chimneys: “chimney” ends in vowel + y (-ey), so simply add -s. (Nguyên âm + y nên chỉ thêm s).

2. cries: “cry” ends in consonant + y (-ry), so change y to i and add -es. (Phụ âm + y nên đổi y thành i và thêm es).

3. ladies: “lady” ends in consonant + y (-dy), so drop y and add -ies. (Phụ âm + y nên đổi sang -ies).

4. fries: “fry” ends in consonant + y (-ry), change to -ies. (Phụ âm + y chuyển thành -ies).

5. turkeys: “turkey” ends in vowel + y (-ey), simply append -s. (Nguyên âm + y nên thêm s).

6. holidays: “holiday” ends in vowel + y (-ay), simply append -s. (Nguyên âm + y nên thêm s).

Exercise 3: Multiple Choice Selection (Chọn đáp án đúng) 6 Questions

Select the option that represents the correctly spelled plural noun according to context rules.

The wild ________ jumped through the jungle trees.
- A. monkies
- B. monkeys
- C. monkys
We need to buy window screens because there are too many ________ outside.
- A. flys
- B. flyes
- C. flies
The dynamic ________ of the legendary explorers took them across vast desert landscapes.
- A. journeys
- B. journies
- C. journeies
Both ________ were crying softly before they were finally fed warm milk.
- A. babys
- B. babies
- C. babiess
The young ________ smiled politely when they walked into the conference room.
- A. ladys
- B. ladies
- C. ladiess
The holiday menu includes roasted ________ with fresh cranberry sauce.
- A. turkeys
- B. turkies
- C. turkyees

? Click to see Answer Key & Explanation (Đáp án & Giải thích)

1. B (monkeys): Vowel ‘e’ before ‘y’ means we only add -s. (Trước y là nguyên âm e, chỉ cần thêm s).

2. C (flies): Consonant ‘l’ before ‘y’ requires dropping ‘y’ for ‘ies’. (Trước y là phụ âm l, đổi thành ies).

3. A (journeys): Ends in vowel + y (-ey), hence simply adds -s. (Đuôi -ey kết thúc bằng nguyên âm, chỉ thêm s).

4. B (babies): “Baby” has a consonant ‘b’ before ‘y’, changing to ‘ies’. (Từ gốc baby có phụ âm b đứng trước y).

5. B (ladies): “Lady” transforms into “ladies” by removing the y. (Lady đổi thành ladies vì trước y là phụ âm d).

6. A (turkeys): “Turkey” retains the y because of the preceding vowel ‘e’. (Turkey giữ nguyên y thêm s do e là nguyên âm).

Exercise 4: True or False Spelling Check (Đúng hay Sai) 6 Questions

Identify whether the underlined plural noun spelling in each sentence is Correct (True) or Incorrect (False).

The children read fantasy stories before bed every single night. (True / False)
Santa Claus climbs down the chimnies to deliver beautiful presents. (True / False)
We ordered two plates of chicken burgers and French frys. (True / False)
The monkeys stole fruit from the local farmers’ market stands. (True / False)
Loud cries of joy filled the stadium when our team scored a goal. (True / False)
Many historic European cities have very narrow cobbled roads. (True / False)

? Click to see Answer Key & Explanation (Đáp án & Giải thích)

1. True: “Stories” is perfectly correct (story → stories). (Đúng, phụ âm r + y chuyển thành ies).

2. False: Incorrect spelling. It must be “chimneys” because ‘e’ is a vowel. (Sai, phải là chimneys vì trước y là nguyên âm e).

3. False: Incorrect spelling. It must be “fries” (fry → fries). (Sai, phải đổi y thành ies thành fries).

4. True: “Monkeys” follows the correct vowel + y pattern. (Đúng, tuân thủ quy tắc nguyên âm + y).

5. True: “Cries” correctly replaces the consonant + y ending. (Đúng, từ gốc cry biến đổi thành cries).

6. True: “Cities” is the exact correct plural spelling for city. (Đúng, từ gốc city biến đổi thành cities).

Exercise 5: Sentence Reordering (Sắp xếp lại câu) 6 Questions

Rearrange the words to make grammatical sentences. Look closely at how plural nouns fit into the meaning.

/ during / flies / garden / are / many / there / the / summer / in / .
/ office / the / organized / party / ladies / a / .
/ cribs / sleeping / babies / are / their / in / the / .
/ keys / put / the / table / the / on / please / .
/ winter / visit / holidays / we / relatives / during / .
/ dangerous / were / mountain / their / journeys / very / .

? Click to see Answer Key & Explanation (Đáp án & Giải thích)

1: There are many flies in the garden during summer. (Có nhiều ruồi trong vườn suốt mùa hè).

2: The ladies in the office organized a party. (Các quý cô trong văn phòng đã tổ chức một bữa tiệc).

3: The babies are sleeping in their cribs. (Các em bé đang ngủ trong cũi của chúng).

4: Please put the keys on the table. / Put the keys on the table please. (Vui lòng đặt những chiếc chìa khóa lên bàn).

5: We visit relatives during winter holidays. (Chúng tôi đi thăm họ hàng trong những ngày nghỉ đông).

6: Their mountain journeys were very dangerous. (Những cuộc hành trình lên núi của họ rất nguy hiểm).

Exercise 6: Grammar Selection Matrix (Phân loại Quy tắc Ngữ pháp) 6 Questions

Decide whether each word follows Rule A (Consonant + y → -ies) or Rule B (Vowel + y → -ys).

stories → Follows
chimneys → Follows
flies → Follows
holidays → Follows
cries → Follows
turkeys → Follows

? Click to see Answer Key & Explanation (Đáp án & Giải thích)

1. Rule A: story → r is a consonant, drops y for -ies. (Quy tắc A: Phụ âm r + y).

2. Rule B: chimney → e is a vowel, keeps y and adds -s. (Quy tắc B: Nguyên âm e + y).

3. Rule A: fly → l is a consonant, drops y for -ies. (Quy tắc A: Phụ âm l + y).

4. Rule B: holiday → a is a vowel, keeps y and adds -s. (Quy tắc B: Nguyên âm a + y).

5. Rule A: cry → r is a consonant, drops y for -ies. (Quy tắc A: Phụ âm r + y).

6. Rule B: turkey → e is a vowel, keeps y and adds -s. (Quy tắc B: Nguyên âm e + y).